internal/graphicsdriver/directx: implement DirectX 11 driver

Updates #2613

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -140,11 +140,13 @@ jobs:
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
         run: |
           go test -shuffle=on -v ./...
+          env EBITENGINE_DIRECTX=version=12 go test -shuffle=on -v ./...
 
       - name: go test (Windows 386)
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
         run: |
           env GOARCH=386 go test -shuffle=on -v ./...
+          env GOARCH=386 EBITENGINE_DIRECTX=version=12 go test -shuffle=on -v ./...
 
       - name: go test (Wasm)
         run: |

doc.go

@@ -78,8 +78,13 @@
 // `EBITENGINE_DIRECTX` environment variable specifies various parameters for DirectX.
 // You can specify multiple values separated by a comma. The default value is empty (i.e. no parameters).
 //
-//	"warp":  Use WARP (i.e. software rendering).
+//	"debug":      Use a debug layer.
-//	"debug": Use a debug layer.
+//	"warp":       Use WARP (i.e. software rendering).
+//	"version=11": Use DirectX 11 (default).
+//	"version=12": Use DirectX 12.
+//
+// The options "version=..." are exclusive and if multiples are specified, the lastly specified value is adopted.
+// On Xbox, the version options are ignored and DirectX 12 is always adopted.
 //
 // `EBITENGINE_DIRECTX_FEATURE_LEVEL` environment variable specifies DirectX feature level.
 // The possible values are "11_0", "11_1", "12_0", "12_1", and "12_2".

internal/graphicsdriver/directx/d3d_windows.go

@@ -23,15 +23,34 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
 )
 
+// Reference:
+// * https://github.com/wine-mirror/wine/blob/master/include/d3dcommon.idl
+
 type _D3DCOMPILE uint32
 
 const (
 	_D3DCOMPILE_OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL3 _D3DCOMPILE = (1 << 15)
 )
 
+type _D3D_DRIVER_TYPE int32
+
+const (
+	_D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_UNKNOWN _D3D_DRIVER_TYPE = iota
+	_D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE
+	_D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_REFERENCE
+	_D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_NULL
+	_D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_SOFTWARE
+	_D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_WARP
+)
+
 type _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL int32
 
 const (
+	_D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_1  _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL = 0x9100
+	_D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_2  _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL = 0x9200
+	_D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_3  _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL = 0x9300
+	_D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0 _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL = 0xa000
+	_D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1 _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL = 0xa100
 	_D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0 _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL = 0xb000
 	_D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_1 _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL = 0xb100
 	_D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_12_0 _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL = 0xc000

internal/graphicsdriver/directx/graphics11_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,671 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Ebitengine Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package directx
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+
+	"github.com/hajimehoshi/ebiten/v2/internal/graphics"
+	"github.com/hajimehoshi/ebiten/v2/internal/graphicsdriver"
+	"github.com/hajimehoshi/ebiten/v2/internal/shaderir"
+	"github.com/hajimehoshi/ebiten/v2/internal/shaderir/hlsl"
+)
+
+var inputElementDescsForDX11 = []_D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC{
+	{
+		SemanticName:         &([]byte("POSITION\000"))[0],
+		SemanticIndex:        0,
+		Format:               _DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_FLOAT,
+		InputSlot:            0,
+		AlignedByteOffset:    _D3D11_APPEND_ALIGNED_ELEMENT,
+		InputSlotClass:       _D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA,
+		InstanceDataStepRate: 0,
+	},
+	{
+		SemanticName:         &([]byte("TEXCOORD\000"))[0],
+		SemanticIndex:        0,
+		Format:               _DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_FLOAT,
+		InputSlot:            0,
+		AlignedByteOffset:    _D3D11_APPEND_ALIGNED_ELEMENT,
+		InputSlotClass:       _D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA,
+		InstanceDataStepRate: 0,
+	},
+	{
+		SemanticName:         &([]byte("COLOR\000"))[0],
+		SemanticIndex:        0,
+		Format:               _DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT,
+		InputSlot:            0,
+		AlignedByteOffset:    _D3D11_APPEND_ALIGNED_ELEMENT,
+		InputSlotClass:       _D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA,
+		InstanceDataStepRate: 0,
+	},
+}
+
+func blendFactorToBlend11(f graphicsdriver.BlendFactor, alpha bool) _D3D11_BLEND {
+	switch f {
+	case graphicsdriver.BlendFactorZero:
+		return _D3D11_BLEND_ZERO
+	case graphicsdriver.BlendFactorOne:
+		return _D3D11_BLEND_ONE
+	case graphicsdriver.BlendFactorSourceColor:
+		if alpha {
+			return _D3D11_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA
+		}
+		return _D3D11_BLEND_SRC_COLOR
+	case graphicsdriver.BlendFactorOneMinusSourceColor:
+		if alpha {
+			return _D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA
+		}
+		return _D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC_COLOR
+	case graphicsdriver.BlendFactorSourceAlpha:
+		return _D3D11_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA
+	case graphicsdriver.BlendFactorOneMinusSourceAlpha:
+		return _D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA
+	case graphicsdriver.BlendFactorDestinationColor:
+		if alpha {
+			return _D3D11_BLEND_DEST_ALPHA
+		}
+		return _D3D11_BLEND_DEST_COLOR
+	case graphicsdriver.BlendFactorOneMinusDestinationColor:
+		if alpha {
+			return _D3D11_BLEND_INV_DEST_ALPHA
+		}
+		return _D3D11_BLEND_INV_DEST_COLOR
+	case graphicsdriver.BlendFactorDestinationAlpha:
+		return _D3D11_BLEND_DEST_ALPHA
+	case graphicsdriver.BlendFactorOneMinusDestinationAlpha:
+		return _D3D11_BLEND_INV_DEST_ALPHA
+	case graphicsdriver.BlendFactorSourceAlphaSaturated:
+		return _D3D11_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA_SAT
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("directx: invalid blend factor: %d", f))
+	}
+}
+
+func blendOperationToBlendOp11(o graphicsdriver.BlendOperation) _D3D11_BLEND_OP {
+	switch o {
+	case graphicsdriver.BlendOperationAdd:
+		return _D3D11_BLEND_OP_ADD
+	case graphicsdriver.BlendOperationSubtract:
+		return _D3D11_BLEND_OP_SUBTRACT
+	case graphicsdriver.BlendOperationReverseSubtract:
+		return _D3D11_BLEND_OP_REV_SUBTRACT
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("directx: invalid blend operation: %d", o))
+	}
+}
+
+type blendStateKey struct {
+	blend     graphicsdriver.Blend
+	writeMask uint8
+}
+
+type graphics11 struct {
+	graphicsInfra *graphicsInfra
+
+	featureLevel _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL
+
+	device        *_ID3D11Device
+	deviceContext *_ID3D11DeviceContext
+
+	images      map[graphicsdriver.ImageID]*image11
+	screenImage *image11
+	nextImageID graphicsdriver.ImageID
+
+	shaders      map[graphicsdriver.ShaderID]*shader11
+	nextShaderID graphicsdriver.ShaderID
+
+	vertexBuffer            *_ID3D11Buffer
+	vertexBufferSizeInBytes uint32
+
+	indexBuffer            *_ID3D11Buffer
+	indexBufferSizeInBytes uint32
+
+	rasterizerState    *_ID3D11RasterizerState
+	samplerState       *_ID3D11SamplerState
+	blendStates        map[blendStateKey]*_ID3D11BlendState
+	depthStencilStates map[stencilMode]*_ID3D11DepthStencilState
+
+	vsyncEnabled bool
+	window       windows.HWND
+}
+
+func newGraphics11(useWARP bool, useDebugLayer bool) (gr11 *graphics11, ferr error) {
+	g := &graphics11{
+		vsyncEnabled: true,
+	}
+
+	gi, err := newGraphicsInfra(useDebugLayer)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	g.graphicsInfra = gi
+	defer func() {
+		if ferr != nil {
+			g.graphicsInfra.release()
+			g.graphicsInfra = nil
+		}
+	}()
+
+	driverType := _D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE
+	if useWARP {
+		driverType = _D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_WARP
+	}
+
+	var flags _D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_FLAG
+	if useDebugLayer {
+		flags |= _D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG
+	}
+
+	// Avoid _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_1 as DirectX 11.0 doesn't recgonize this.
+	// Avoid _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_* for some shaders features (#1431).
+	featureLevels := []_D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL{
+		_D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0,
+		_D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1,
+		_D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0,
+	}
+
+	// Apparently, adapter must be nil if the driver type is not unknown. This is not documented explicitly.
+	// https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/d3d11/nf-d3d11-d3d11createdevice
+	d, f, ctx, err := _D3D11CreateDevice(nil, driverType, 0, uint32(flags), featureLevels, true, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	g.device = (*_ID3D11Device)(d)
+	g.featureLevel = f
+	g.deviceContext = (*_ID3D11DeviceContext)(ctx)
+
+	g.deviceContext.IASetPrimitiveTopology(_D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST)
+
+	// Set the rasterizer state.
+	if g.rasterizerState == nil {
+		rs, err := g.device.CreateRasterizerState(&_D3D11_RASTERIZER_DESC{
+			FillMode:              _D3D11_FILL_SOLID,
+			CullMode:              _D3D11_CULL_NONE,
+			FrontCounterClockwise: 0,
+			DepthBias:             0,
+			DepthBiasClamp:        0,
+			SlopeScaledDepthBias:  0,
+			DepthClipEnable:       0,
+			ScissorEnable:         1,
+			MultisampleEnable:     0,
+			AntialiasedLineEnable: 0,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		g.rasterizerState = rs
+	}
+	g.deviceContext.RSSetState(g.rasterizerState)
+
+	// Set the sampler state.
+	if g.samplerState == nil {
+		s, err := g.device.CreateSamplerState(&_D3D11_SAMPLER_DESC{
+			Filter:         _D3D11_FILTER_MIN_MAG_MIP_POINT,
+			AddressU:       _D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP,
+			AddressV:       _D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP,
+			AddressW:       _D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP,
+			ComparisonFunc: _D3D11_COMPARISON_NEVER,
+			MinLOD:         -math.MaxFloat32,
+			MaxLOD:         math.MaxFloat32,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		g.samplerState = s
+	}
+	g.deviceContext.PSSetSamplers(0, []*_ID3D11SamplerState{g.samplerState})
+
+	return g, nil
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) Initialize() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) Begin() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) End(present bool) error {
+	if !present {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if err := g.graphicsInfra.present(g.vsyncEnabled); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) SetWindow(window uintptr) {
+	g.window = windows.HWND(window)
+	// TODO: need to update the swap chain?
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) SetTransparent(transparent bool) {
+	// TODO: Implement this?
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) SetVertices(vertices []float32, indices []uint16) error {
+	if size := pow2(uint32(len(vertices)) * uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(vertices[0]))); g.vertexBufferSizeInBytes < size {
+		if g.vertexBuffer != nil {
+			g.vertexBuffer.Release()
+			g.vertexBuffer = nil
+		}
+		b, err := g.device.CreateBuffer(&_D3D11_BUFFER_DESC{
+			ByteWidth:      size,
+			Usage:          _D3D11_USAGE_DYNAMIC,
+			BindFlags:      uint32(_D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER),
+			CPUAccessFlags: uint32(_D3D11_CPU_ACCESS_WRITE),
+		}, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		g.vertexBuffer = b
+		g.vertexBufferSizeInBytes = size
+		g.deviceContext.IASetVertexBuffers(0, []*_ID3D11Buffer{g.vertexBuffer},
+			[]uint32{graphics.VertexFloatCount * uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(vertices[0]))}, []uint32{0})
+	}
+	if size := pow2(uint32(len(indices)) * uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(indices[0]))); g.indexBufferSizeInBytes < size {
+		if g.indexBuffer != nil {
+			g.indexBuffer.Release()
+			g.indexBuffer = nil
+		}
+		b, err := g.device.CreateBuffer(&_D3D11_BUFFER_DESC{
+			ByteWidth:      size,
+			Usage:          _D3D11_USAGE_DYNAMIC,
+			BindFlags:      uint32(_D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER),
+			CPUAccessFlags: uint32(_D3D11_CPU_ACCESS_WRITE),
+		}, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		g.indexBuffer = b
+		g.indexBufferSizeInBytes = size
+		g.deviceContext.IASetIndexBuffer(g.indexBuffer, _DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT, 0)
+	}
+
+	// Copy the vertices data.
+	{
+		var mapped _D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE
+		if err := g.deviceContext.Map(unsafe.Pointer(g.vertexBuffer), 0, _D3D11_MAP_WRITE_DISCARD, 0, &mapped); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		copy(unsafe.Slice((*float32)(mapped.pData), len(vertices)), vertices)
+		g.deviceContext.Unmap(unsafe.Pointer(g.vertexBuffer), 0)
+	}
+
+	// Copy the indices data.
+	{
+		var mapped _D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE
+		if err := g.deviceContext.Map(unsafe.Pointer(g.indexBuffer), 0, _D3D11_MAP_WRITE_DISCARD, 0, &mapped); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		copy(unsafe.Slice((*uint16)(mapped.pData), len(indices)), indices)
+		g.deviceContext.Unmap(unsafe.Pointer(g.indexBuffer), 0)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) NewImage(width, height int) (graphicsdriver.Image, error) {
+	t, err := g.device.CreateTexture2D(&_D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC{
+		Width:     uint32(graphics.InternalImageSize(width)),
+		Height:    uint32(graphics.InternalImageSize(height)),
+		MipLevels: 1, // 0 doesn't work when shrinking the image.
+		ArraySize: 1,
+		Format:    _DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
+		SampleDesc: _DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC{
+			Count:   1,
+			Quality: 0,
+		},
+		Usage:          _D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT,
+		BindFlags:      uint32(_D3D11_BIND_SHADER_RESOURCE | _D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET),
+		CPUAccessFlags: 0,
+		MiscFlags:      0,
+	}, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	i := &image11{
+		graphics: g,
+		id:       g.genNextImageID(),
+		width:    width,
+		height:   height,
+		texture:  t,
+	}
+	g.addImage(i)
+	return i, nil
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) NewScreenFramebufferImage(width, height int) (graphicsdriver.Image, error) {
+	if g.graphicsInfra.isSwapChainInited() {
+		if g.screenImage != nil {
+			g.screenImage.Dispose()
+			g.screenImage = nil
+		}
+		if err := g.graphicsInfra.resizeSwapChain(width, height); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	} else {
+		if err := g.graphicsInfra.initSwapChain(width, height, unsafe.Pointer(g.device), g.window); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if g.screenImage != nil {
+		g.screenImage.Dispose()
+		g.screenImage = nil
+	}
+
+	t, err := g.graphicsInfra.getBuffer(0, &_IID_ID3D11Texture2D)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	i := &image11{
+		graphics: g,
+		id:       g.genNextImageID(),
+		width:    width,
+		height:   height,
+		screen:   true,
+		texture:  (*_ID3D11Texture2D)(t),
+	}
+	g.addImage(i)
+	g.screenImage = i
+	return i, nil
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) addImage(img *image11) {
+	if g.images == nil {
+		g.images = map[graphicsdriver.ImageID]*image11{}
+	}
+	if _, ok := g.images[img.id]; ok {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("directx: image ID %d was already registered", img.id))
+	}
+	g.images[img.id] = img
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) removeImage(image *image11) {
+	delete(g.images, image.id)
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) SetVsyncEnabled(enabled bool) {
+	g.vsyncEnabled = enabled
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) NeedsRestoring() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) NeedsClearingScreen() bool {
+	// TODO: Confirm this is really true.
+	return true
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) IsGL() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) IsDirectX() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) MaxImageSize() int {
+	switch g.featureLevel {
+	case _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0:
+		return 8192
+	case _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1:
+		return 8192
+	case _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0:
+		return 16384
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("directx: invalid feature level: 0x%x", g.featureLevel))
+	}
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) NewShader(program *shaderir.Program) (graphicsdriver.Shader, error) {
+	vs, ps, offsets := hlsl.Compile(program)
+	vsh, psh, err := compileShader(vs, ps)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	s := &shader11{
+		graphics:         g,
+		id:               g.genNextShaderID(),
+		uniformTypes:     program.Uniforms,
+		uniformOffsets:   offsets,
+		vertexShaderBlob: vsh,
+		pixelShaderBlob:  psh,
+	}
+	g.addShader(s)
+	return s, nil
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) addShader(s *shader11) {
+	if g.shaders == nil {
+		g.shaders = map[graphicsdriver.ShaderID]*shader11{}
+	}
+	if _, ok := g.shaders[s.id]; ok {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("directx: shader ID %d was already registered", s.id))
+	}
+	g.shaders[s.id] = s
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) removeShader(s *shader11) {
+	s.disposeImpl()
+	delete(g.shaders, s.id)
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) DrawTriangles(dstID graphicsdriver.ImageID, srcIDs [graphics.ShaderImageCount]graphicsdriver.ImageID, shaderID graphicsdriver.ShaderID, dstRegions []graphicsdriver.DstRegion, indexOffset int, blend graphicsdriver.Blend, uniforms []uint32, evenOdd bool) error {
+	// Remove bound textures first. This is needed to avoid warnings on the debugger.
+	g.deviceContext.OMSetRenderTargets([]*_ID3D11RenderTargetView{nil}, nil)
+	srvs := [graphics.ShaderImageCount]*_ID3D11ShaderResourceView{}
+	g.deviceContext.PSSetShaderResources(0, srvs[:])
+
+	dst := g.images[dstID]
+	var srcs [graphics.ShaderImageCount]*image11
+	for i, id := range srcIDs {
+		img := g.images[id]
+		if img == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		srcs[i] = img
+	}
+
+	w, h := dst.internalSize()
+	g.deviceContext.RSSetViewports([]_D3D11_VIEWPORT{
+		{
+			TopLeftX: 0,
+			TopLeftY: 0,
+			Width:    float32(w),
+			Height:   float32(h),
+			MinDepth: 0,
+			MaxDepth: 1,
+		},
+	})
+
+	if err := dst.setAsRenderTarget(evenOdd); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Set the shader parameters.
+	shader := g.shaders[shaderID]
+	if err := shader.use(uniforms, srcs); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if !evenOdd {
+		bs, err := g.blendState(blend, noStencil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		g.deviceContext.OMSetBlendState(bs, nil, 0xffffffff)
+
+		dss, err := g.depthStencilState(noStencil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		g.deviceContext.OMSetDepthStencilState(dss, 0)
+	}
+
+	for _, dstRegion := range dstRegions {
+		g.deviceContext.RSSetScissorRects([]_D3D11_RECT{
+			{
+				left:   int32(dstRegion.Region.X),
+				top:    int32(dstRegion.Region.Y),
+				right:  int32(dstRegion.Region.X + dstRegion.Region.Width),
+				bottom: int32(dstRegion.Region.Y + dstRegion.Region.Height),
+			},
+		})
+
+		if evenOdd {
+			bs, err := g.blendState(blend, prepareStencil)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			g.deviceContext.OMSetBlendState(bs, nil, 0xffffffff)
+			dss, err := g.depthStencilState(prepareStencil)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			g.deviceContext.OMSetDepthStencilState(dss, 0)
+			g.deviceContext.DrawIndexed(uint32(dstRegion.IndexCount), uint32(indexOffset), 0)
+
+			bs, err = g.blendState(blend, drawWithStencil)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			g.deviceContext.OMSetBlendState(bs, nil, 0xffffffff)
+			dss, err = g.depthStencilState(drawWithStencil)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			g.deviceContext.OMSetDepthStencilState(dss, 0)
+			g.deviceContext.DrawIndexed(uint32(dstRegion.IndexCount), uint32(indexOffset), 0)
+		} else {
+			g.deviceContext.DrawIndexed(uint32(dstRegion.IndexCount), uint32(indexOffset), 0)
+		}
+
+		indexOffset += dstRegion.IndexCount
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) genNextImageID() graphicsdriver.ImageID {
+	g.nextImageID++
+	return g.nextImageID
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) genNextShaderID() graphicsdriver.ShaderID {
+	g.nextShaderID++
+	return g.nextShaderID
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) blendState(blend graphicsdriver.Blend, stencilMode stencilMode) (*_ID3D11BlendState, error) {
+	writeMask := uint8(_D3D11_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_ALL)
+	if stencilMode == prepareStencil {
+		writeMask = 0
+	}
+
+	key := blendStateKey{
+		blend:     blend,
+		writeMask: writeMask,
+	}
+	if bs, ok := g.blendStates[key]; ok {
+		return bs, nil
+	}
+
+	bs, err := g.device.CreateBlendState(&_D3D11_BLEND_DESC{
+		AlphaToCoverageEnable:  0,
+		IndependentBlendEnable: 0,
+		RenderTarget: [8]_D3D11_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC{
+			{
+				BlendEnable:           1,
+				SrcBlend:              blendFactorToBlend11(blend.BlendFactorSourceRGB, false),
+				DestBlend:             blendFactorToBlend11(blend.BlendFactorDestinationRGB, false),
+				BlendOp:               blendOperationToBlendOp11(blend.BlendOperationRGB),
+				SrcBlendAlpha:         blendFactorToBlend11(blend.BlendFactorSourceAlpha, true),
+				DestBlendAlpha:        blendFactorToBlend11(blend.BlendFactorDestinationAlpha, true),
+				BlendOpAlpha:          blendOperationToBlendOp11(blend.BlendOperationAlpha),
+				RenderTargetWriteMask: writeMask,
+			},
+		},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if g.blendStates == nil {
+		g.blendStates = map[blendStateKey]*_ID3D11BlendState{}
+	}
+	g.blendStates[key] = bs
+	return bs, nil
+}
+
+func (g *graphics11) depthStencilState(mode stencilMode) (*_ID3D11DepthStencilState, error) {
+	if s, ok := g.depthStencilStates[mode]; ok {
+		return s, nil
+	}
+
+	desc := &_D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_DESC{
+		DepthEnable:      0,
+		DepthWriteMask:   _D3D11_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ALL,
+		DepthFunc:        _D3D11_COMPARISON_LESS,
+		StencilEnable:    0,
+		StencilReadMask:  _D3D11_DEFAULT_STENCIL_READ_MASK,
+		StencilWriteMask: _D3D11_DEFAULT_STENCIL_WRITE_MASK,
+		FrontFace: _D3D11_DEPTH_STENCILOP_DESC{
+			StencilFailOp:      _D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP,
+			StencilDepthFailOp: _D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP,
+			StencilPassOp:      _D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP,
+			StencilFunc:        _D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS,
+		},
+		BackFace: _D3D11_DEPTH_STENCILOP_DESC{
+			StencilFailOp:      _D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP,
+			StencilDepthFailOp: _D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP,
+			StencilPassOp:      _D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP,
+			StencilFunc:        _D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS,
+		},
+	}
+	switch mode {
+	case prepareStencil:
+		desc.StencilEnable = 1
+		desc.FrontFace.StencilPassOp = _D3D11_STENCIL_OP_INVERT
+		desc.BackFace.StencilPassOp = _D3D11_STENCIL_OP_INVERT
+	case drawWithStencil:
+		desc.StencilEnable = 1
+		desc.FrontFace.StencilFunc = _D3D11_COMPARISON_NOT_EQUAL
+		desc.BackFace.StencilFunc = _D3D11_COMPARISON_NOT_EQUAL
+	}
+
+	s, err := g.device.CreateDepthStencilState(desc)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if g.depthStencilStates == nil {
+		g.depthStencilStates = map[stencilMode]*_ID3D11DepthStencilState{}
+	}
+	g.depthStencilStates[mode] = s
+	return s, nil
+}

internal/graphicsdriver/directx/graphics_windows.go

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
 
 	"github.com/hajimehoshi/ebiten/v2/internal/graphicsdriver"
+	"github.com/hajimehoshi/ebiten/v2/internal/microsoftgdk"
 )
 
 type stencilMode int
@@ -54,10 +55,10 @@ func pow2(x uint32) uint32 {
 // NewGraphics creates an implementation of graphicsdriver.Graphics for DirectX.
 // The returned graphics value is nil iff the error is not nil.
 func NewGraphics() (graphicsdriver.Graphics, error) {
-	var (
+	var useWARP bool
-		useWARP       bool
+	var useDebugLayer bool
-		useDebugLayer bool
+	version := 11
-	)
+
 	env := os.Getenv("EBITENGINE_DIRECTX")
 	if env == "" {
 		// For backward compatibility, read the EBITEN_ version.
@@ -70,33 +71,52 @@ func NewGraphics() (graphicsdriver.Graphics, error) {
 			useWARP = true
 		case "debug":
 			useDebugLayer = true
+		case "version=11":
+			version = 11
+		case "version=12":
+			version = 12
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Specify the level 11 by default.
+	// On Xbox, only DirectX 12 is available.
-	// Some old cards don't work well with the default feature level (#2447, #2486).
+	if microsoftgdk.IsXbox() {
-	var featureLevel _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL = _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0
+		version = 12
-	if env := os.Getenv("EBITENGINE_DIRECTX_FEATURE_LEVEL"); env != "" {
-		switch env {
-		case "11_0":
-			featureLevel = _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0
-		case "11_1":
-			featureLevel = _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_1
-		case "12_0":
-			featureLevel = _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_12_0
-		case "12_1":
-			featureLevel = _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_12_1
-		case "12_2":
-			featureLevel = _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_12_2
-		}
 	}
 
-	// TODO: Implement a new graphics for DirectX 11 (#2613).
+	switch version {
-	g, err := newGraphics12(useWARP, useDebugLayer, featureLevel)
+	case 11:
-	if err != nil {
+		g, err := newGraphics11(useWARP, useDebugLayer)
-		return nil, err
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return g, nil
+	case 12:
+		// Specify the feature level 11 by default.
+		// Some old cards don't work well with the default feature level (#2447, #2486).
+		var featureLevel _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL = _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0
+		if env := os.Getenv("EBITENGINE_DIRECTX_FEATURE_LEVEL"); env != "" {
+			switch env {
+			case "11_0":
+				featureLevel = _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0
+			case "11_1":
+				featureLevel = _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_1
+			case "12_0":
+				featureLevel = _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_12_0
+			case "12_1":
+				featureLevel = _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_12_1
+			case "12_2":
+				featureLevel = _D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_12_2
+			}
+		}
+
+		g, err := newGraphics12(useWARP, useDebugLayer, featureLevel)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return g, nil
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("directx: unexpected DirectX version: %d", version))
 	}
-	return g, nil
 }
 
 type graphicsInfra struct {

internal/graphicsdriver/directx/image11_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Ebitengine Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package directx
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/hajimehoshi/ebiten/v2/internal/graphics"
+	"github.com/hajimehoshi/ebiten/v2/internal/graphicsdriver"
+)
+
+type image11 struct {
+	graphics *graphics11
+	id       graphicsdriver.ImageID
+	width    int
+	height   int
+	screen   bool
+
+	texture            *_ID3D11Texture2D
+	stencil            *_ID3D11Texture2D
+	renderTargetView   *_ID3D11RenderTargetView
+	stencilView        *_ID3D11DepthStencilView
+	shaderResourceView *_ID3D11ShaderResourceView
+}
+
+func (i *image11) internalSize() (int, int) {
+	if i.screen {
+		return i.width, i.height
+	}
+	return graphics.InternalImageSize(i.width), graphics.InternalImageSize(i.height)
+}
+
+func (i *image11) ID() graphicsdriver.ImageID {
+	return i.id
+}
+
+func (i *image11) Dispose() {
+	i.disposeBuffers()
+	i.graphics.removeImage(i)
+}
+
+func (i *image11) disposeBuffers() {
+	if i.texture != nil {
+		i.texture.Release()
+		i.texture = nil
+	}
+	if i.stencil != nil {
+		i.stencil.Release()
+		i.stencil = nil
+	}
+	if i.renderTargetView != nil {
+		i.renderTargetView.Release()
+		i.renderTargetView = nil
+	}
+	if i.stencilView != nil {
+		i.stencilView.Release()
+		i.stencilView = nil
+	}
+	if i.shaderResourceView != nil {
+		i.shaderResourceView.Release()
+		i.shaderResourceView = nil
+	}
+}
+
+func (i *image11) IsInvalidated() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+func (i *image11) ReadPixels(buf []byte, x, y, width, height int) error {
+	staging, err := i.graphics.device.CreateTexture2D(&_D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC{
+		Width:     uint32(width),
+		Height:    uint32(height),
+		MipLevels: 0,
+		ArraySize: 1,
+		Format:    _DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
+		SampleDesc: _DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC{
+			Count:   1,
+			Quality: 0,
+		},
+		Usage:          _D3D11_USAGE_STAGING,
+		BindFlags:      0,
+		CPUAccessFlags: uint32(_D3D11_CPU_ACCESS_READ),
+		MiscFlags:      0,
+	}, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer staging.Release()
+
+	i.graphics.deviceContext.CopySubresourceRegion(unsafe.Pointer(staging), 0, 0, 0, 0, unsafe.Pointer(i.texture), 0, &_D3D11_BOX{
+		left:   uint32(x),
+		top:    uint32(y),
+		front:  0,
+		right:  uint32(x + width),
+		bottom: uint32(y + height),
+		back:   1,
+	})
+
+	var mapped _D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE
+	if err := i.graphics.deviceContext.Map(unsafe.Pointer(staging), 0, _D3D11_MAP_READ, 0, &mapped); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	copy(buf, unsafe.Slice((*byte)(mapped.pData), 4*width*height))
+	i.graphics.deviceContext.Unmap(unsafe.Pointer(staging), 0)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (i *image11) WritePixels(args []*graphicsdriver.WritePixelsArgs) error {
+	for _, a := range args {
+		i.graphics.deviceContext.UpdateSubresource(unsafe.Pointer(i.texture), 0, &_D3D11_BOX{
+			left:   uint32(a.X),
+			top:    uint32(a.Y),
+			front:  0,
+			right:  uint32(a.X + a.Width),
+			bottom: uint32(a.Y + a.Height),
+			back:   1,
+		}, unsafe.Pointer(&a.Pixels[0]), uint32(4*a.Width), 0)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (i *image11) setAsRenderTarget(useStencil bool) error {
+	if i.renderTargetView == nil {
+		rtv, err := i.graphics.device.CreateRenderTargetView(unsafe.Pointer(i.texture), nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		i.renderTargetView = rtv
+	}
+
+	if !useStencil {
+		i.graphics.deviceContext.OMSetRenderTargets([]*_ID3D11RenderTargetView{i.renderTargetView}, nil)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if i.screen {
+		return fmt.Errorf("directx: a stencil buffer is not available for a screen image")
+	}
+
+	if i.stencil == nil {
+		w, h := i.internalSize()
+		s, err := i.graphics.device.CreateTexture2D(&_D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC{
+			Width:     uint32(w),
+			Height:    uint32(h),
+			MipLevels: 0,
+			ArraySize: 1,
+			Format:    _DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT,
+			SampleDesc: _DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC{
+				Count:   1,
+				Quality: 0,
+			},
+			Usage:          _D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT,
+			BindFlags:      uint32(_D3D11_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL),
+			CPUAccessFlags: 0,
+			MiscFlags:      0,
+		}, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		i.stencil = s
+	}
+
+	if i.stencilView == nil {
+		sv, err := i.graphics.device.CreateDepthStencilView(unsafe.Pointer(i.stencil), nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		i.stencilView = sv
+	}
+
+	i.graphics.deviceContext.OMSetRenderTargets([]*_ID3D11RenderTargetView{i.renderTargetView}, i.stencilView)
+	i.graphics.deviceContext.ClearDepthStencilView(i.stencilView, uint8(_D3D11_CLEAR_STENCIL), 0, 0)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (i *image11) getShaderResourceView() (*_ID3D11ShaderResourceView, error) {
+	if i.shaderResourceView == nil {
+		srv, err := i.graphics.device.CreateShaderResourceView(unsafe.Pointer(i.texture), nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		i.shaderResourceView = srv
+	}
+	return i.shaderResourceView, nil
+}

internal/graphicsdriver/directx/shader11_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Ebitengine Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package directx
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/hajimehoshi/ebiten/v2/internal/graphics"
+	"github.com/hajimehoshi/ebiten/v2/internal/graphicsdriver"
+	"github.com/hajimehoshi/ebiten/v2/internal/shaderir"
+)
+
+type shader11 struct {
+	graphics         *graphics11
+	id               graphicsdriver.ShaderID
+	uniformTypes     []shaderir.Type
+	uniformOffsets   []int
+	vertexShaderBlob *_ID3DBlob
+	pixelShaderBlob  *_ID3DBlob
+
+	inputLayout    *_ID3D11InputLayout
+	vertexShader   *_ID3D11VertexShader
+	pixelShader    *_ID3D11PixelShader
+	constantBuffer *_ID3D11Buffer
+}
+
+func (s *shader11) ID() graphicsdriver.ShaderID {
+	return s.id
+}
+
+func (s *shader11) Dispose() {
+	s.graphics.removeShader(s)
+}
+
+func (s *shader11) disposeImpl() {
+	if s.pixelShaderBlob != nil {
+		s.pixelShaderBlob.Release()
+		s.pixelShaderBlob = nil
+	}
+	if s.vertexShaderBlob != nil {
+		count := s.vertexShaderBlob.Release()
+		if count == 0 {
+			for k, v := range vertexShaderCache {
+				if v == s.vertexShaderBlob {
+					delete(vertexShaderCache, k)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		s.vertexShader = nil
+	}
+	if s.inputLayout != nil {
+		s.inputLayout.Release()
+		s.inputLayout = nil
+	}
+	if s.vertexShader != nil {
+		s.vertexShader.Release()
+		s.vertexShader = nil
+	}
+	if s.pixelShader != nil {
+		s.pixelShader.Release()
+		s.pixelShader = nil
+	}
+	if s.constantBuffer != nil {
+		s.constantBuffer.Release()
+		s.constantBuffer = nil
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *shader11) use(uniforms []uint32, srcs [graphics.ShaderImageCount]*image11) error {
+	vs, err := s.ensureVertexShader()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	s.graphics.deviceContext.VSSetShader(vs, nil)
+
+	ps, err := s.ensurePixelShader()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	s.graphics.deviceContext.PSSetShader(ps, nil)
+
+	il, err := s.ensureInputLayout()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	s.graphics.deviceContext.IASetInputLayout(il)
+
+	cb, err := s.ensureConstantBuffer()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	s.graphics.deviceContext.VSSetConstantBuffers(0, []*_ID3D11Buffer{cb})
+	s.graphics.deviceContext.PSSetConstantBuffers(0, []*_ID3D11Buffer{cb})
+
+	// Send the constant buffer data.
+	uniforms = adjustUniforms(s.uniformTypes, s.uniformOffsets, uniforms)
+	var mapped _D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE
+	if err := s.graphics.deviceContext.Map(unsafe.Pointer(cb), 0, _D3D11_MAP_WRITE_DISCARD, 0, &mapped); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	copy(unsafe.Slice((*uint32)(mapped.pData), len(uniforms)), uniforms)
+	s.graphics.deviceContext.Unmap(unsafe.Pointer(cb), 0)
+
+	// Set the render sources.
+	var srvs [graphics.ShaderImageCount]*_ID3D11ShaderResourceView
+	for i, src := range srcs {
+		if src == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		srv, err := src.getShaderResourceView()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		srvs[i] = srv
+	}
+	s.graphics.deviceContext.PSSetShaderResources(0, srvs[:])
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *shader11) ensureInputLayout() (*_ID3D11InputLayout, error) {
+	if s.inputLayout != nil {
+		return s.inputLayout, nil
+	}
+
+	i, err := s.graphics.device.CreateInputLayout(inputElementDescsForDX11, s.vertexShaderBlob.GetBufferPointer(), s.vertexShaderBlob.GetBufferSize())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	s.inputLayout = i
+	return i, nil
+}
+
+func (s *shader11) ensureVertexShader() (*_ID3D11VertexShader, error) {
+	if s.vertexShader != nil {
+		return s.vertexShader, nil
+	}
+
+	vs, err := s.graphics.device.CreateVertexShader(s.vertexShaderBlob.GetBufferPointer(), s.vertexShaderBlob.GetBufferSize(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	s.vertexShader = vs
+	return vs, nil
+}
+
+func (s *shader11) ensurePixelShader() (*_ID3D11PixelShader, error) {
+	if s.pixelShader != nil {
+		return s.pixelShader, nil
+	}
+
+	ps, err := s.graphics.device.CreatePixelShader(s.pixelShaderBlob.GetBufferPointer(), s.pixelShaderBlob.GetBufferSize(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	s.pixelShader = ps
+	return ps, nil
+}
+
+func alignUp16(x uint32) uint32 {
+	if x%16 == 0 {
+		return x
+	}
+	return x + 16 - (x % 16)
+}
+
+func (s *shader11) ensureConstantBuffer() (*_ID3D11Buffer, error) {
+	if s.constantBuffer != nil {
+		return s.constantBuffer, nil
+	}
+
+	cb, err := s.graphics.device.CreateBuffer(&_D3D11_BUFFER_DESC{
+		ByteWidth:      alignUp16(uint32(constantBufferSize(s.uniformTypes, s.uniformOffsets)) * 4),
+		Usage:          _D3D11_USAGE_DYNAMIC,
+		BindFlags:      uint32(_D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER),
+		CPUAccessFlags: uint32(_D3D11_CPU_ACCESS_WRITE),
+	}, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	s.constantBuffer = cb
+	return cb, nil
+}

internal/graphicsdriver/directx/shader_windows.go

@@ -80,6 +80,59 @@ func compileShader(vs, ps string) (vsh, psh *_ID3DBlob, ferr error) {
 	return
 }
 
+func constantBufferSize(uniformTypes []shaderir.Type, uniformOffsets []int) int {
+	var size int
+	for i, typ := range uniformTypes {
+		if size < uniformOffsets[i]/4 {
+			size = uniformOffsets[i] / 4
+		}
+
+		switch typ.Main {
+		case shaderir.Float:
+			size += 1
+		case shaderir.Int:
+			size += 1
+		case shaderir.Vec2, shaderir.IVec2:
+			size += 2
+		case shaderir.Vec3, shaderir.IVec3:
+			size += 3
+		case shaderir.Vec4, shaderir.IVec4:
+			size += 4
+		case shaderir.Mat2:
+			size += 6
+		case shaderir.Mat3:
+			size += 11
+		case shaderir.Mat4:
+			size += 16
+		case shaderir.Array:
+			// Each element is aligned to the boundary.
+			switch typ.Sub[0].Main {
+			case shaderir.Float:
+				size += 4*(typ.Length-1) + 1
+			case shaderir.Int:
+				size += 4*(typ.Length-1) + 1
+			case shaderir.Vec2, shaderir.IVec2:
+				size += 4*(typ.Length-1) + 2
+			case shaderir.Vec3, shaderir.IVec3:
+				size += 4*(typ.Length-1) + 3
+			case shaderir.Vec4, shaderir.IVec4:
+				size += 4 * typ.Length
+			case shaderir.Mat2:
+				size += 8*(typ.Length-1) + 6
+			case shaderir.Mat3:
+				size += 12*(typ.Length-1) + 11
+			case shaderir.Mat4:
+				size += 16 * typ.Length
+			default:
+				panic(fmt.Sprintf("directx: not implemented type for uniform variables: %s", typ.String()))
+			}
+		default:
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("directx: not implemented type for uniform variables: %s", typ.String()))
+		}
+	}
+	return size
+}
+
 func adjustUniforms(uniformTypes []shaderir.Type, uniformOffsets []int, uniforms []uint32) []uint32 {
 	var fs []uint32
 	var idx int